The biosystematics of the Lupinus sparsiflorus complex and allies
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"The genus Lupinus officially dates back to Linnaeus (1753) and Tourenfourt is credited with originating the name in prelinnean work; however, a species had been illustrated in an Old World herbal back to the time of the early Greeks. The ancients used lupines for various purposes. Linnaeus recognized six species of Lupinus. Then with the concomitant increase in exploration numerous newly discovered lupines were named. The first monograph of the lupines was that of Agardh (1835). They were next revised by Watson (1873). The next extensive work was that of C. P. Smith from 1917 to 1953 in which he published the names of many new taxa and recombinations. Periodically Smith contributed to various floras, but all of Smith's work was on a morphological basis only. By this time the various taxa of Lupinus were in a very confused state, and the present study is an effort to clarify and re-evaluate one particularly confusing group of annual lupines of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. In addition to extensive herbarium material which has accumulated since Smith worked on the "Sparsiflori" in 1920, the application of breeding studies is employed to evaluate the taxa on a biological basis. Breeding studies can indicate relationships which may not be recognized on a strictly morphological basis. Hybridization in plants has been recognized since the time of Linneaus (Porter 1967). It has been, however, only within recent decades that hybridization has been used to resolve previously chaotic taxonomic situations. Along with hybridization studies, pollen viability, as indicated by staining with cotton blue in lactophenol, may indicate putative hybrids or anomalies in pollen production. A reduction in percentage of stainable pollen is considered indicative of genetic conflicts during meiosis. For greater accuracy in the measurements of the parts of the flowers, the flowers are boiled, stained and mounted for permanent reference. The genus Lupinus has had a long history which is reviewed from the time when ancient civilizations used lupines up to and through the expansion and exploration of the New World during which many new taxa were found. The geography and geology of the area in which the taxa are indigenous is reviewed as these affect the habitat and the pathways of plant migration. A description of the vegetation zones and communities inhabited by the "SparsifIori" and their allies is discussed. With consideration of hybridization and pollen studies and floral and vegetative measurements, as well as accurate distributional data, several new taxonomic and nomenclatural changes are made. The former Sparsiflorus- Concinnus complex of Smith forms three complexes, as well as including several allies of uncertain affinities which were intersterile in the breeding studies. Only the Sparsiflorus complex and allied taxa will be presented in the present work."--Introduction.
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