Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma
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Authors
Kubicek, Christian P
Herrera-Estrella, Alfredo
Seidl-Seiboth, Verena
Martinez, Diego A
Druzhinina, Irina S
Thon, Michael
Zeilinger, Susanne
Casas-Flores, Sergio
Horwitz, Benjamin A
Mukherjee, Prasun K
Mukherjee, Mala
Kredics, Laszlo
Alcaraz, Louis D
Aerts, Andrea
Antal, Zsuzsanna
Atanasova, Lea
Cervantes-Badillo, Mayte G
Challacombe, Jean
Chertkov, Olga
McCluskey, Kevin
Coulpier, Fanny
Deshpande, Nandan
von Doehren, Hans
Ebbole, Daniel J
Esquivel-Naranjo, Edgar U
Fekete, Erzsebet
Flipphi, Michel
Glaser, Fabian
Gomez-Rodriguez, Elida Y
Gruber, Sabine
Han, Cliff
Henrissat, Bernard
Hermosa, Rosa
Hernandez-Onate, Miguel
Karaffa, Levente
Kosti, Idit
Le Crom, Stephane
Lindquist, Erika
Lucas, Susan
Lubeck, Mette
Lubeck, Peter S
Margeot, Antoine
Metz, Benjamin
Misra, Monica
Nevalainen, Helena
Omann, Markus
Packer, Nicolle
Perrone, Giancarlo
Uresti-Rivera, Edith E
Salamov, Asaf
Schmoll, Monika
Seiboth, Bernhard
Shapiro, Harris
Sukno, Serenella
Tamayo-Ramos, Juan A
Tisch, Doris
Wiest, Aric
Wilkinson, Heather H
Zhang, Michael
Coutinho, Pedro M
Kenerley, Charles M
Monte, Enrique
Baker, Scott E
Grigoriev, Igor V
Herrera-Estrella, Alfredo
Seidl-Seiboth, Verena
Martinez, Diego A
Druzhinina, Irina S
Thon, Michael
Zeilinger, Susanne
Casas-Flores, Sergio
Horwitz, Benjamin A
Mukherjee, Prasun K
Mukherjee, Mala
Kredics, Laszlo
Alcaraz, Louis D
Aerts, Andrea
Antal, Zsuzsanna
Atanasova, Lea
Cervantes-Badillo, Mayte G
Challacombe, Jean
Chertkov, Olga
McCluskey, Kevin
Coulpier, Fanny
Deshpande, Nandan
von Doehren, Hans
Ebbole, Daniel J
Esquivel-Naranjo, Edgar U
Fekete, Erzsebet
Flipphi, Michel
Glaser, Fabian
Gomez-Rodriguez, Elida Y
Gruber, Sabine
Han, Cliff
Henrissat, Bernard
Hermosa, Rosa
Hernandez-Onate, Miguel
Karaffa, Levente
Kosti, Idit
Le Crom, Stephane
Lindquist, Erika
Lucas, Susan
Lubeck, Mette
Lubeck, Peter S
Margeot, Antoine
Metz, Benjamin
Misra, Monica
Nevalainen, Helena
Omann, Markus
Packer, Nicolle
Perrone, Giancarlo
Uresti-Rivera, Edith E
Salamov, Asaf
Schmoll, Monika
Seiboth, Bernhard
Shapiro, Harris
Sukno, Serenella
Tamayo-Ramos, Juan A
Tisch, Doris
Wiest, Aric
Wilkinson, Heather H
Zhang, Michael
Coutinho, Pedro M
Kenerley, Charles M
Monte, Enrique
Baker, Scott E
Grigoriev, Igor V
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Abstract
Abstract Background Mycoparasitism, a lifestyle where one fungus is parasitic on another fungus, has special relevance when the prey is a plant pathogen, providing a strategy for biological control of pests for plant protection. Probably, the most studied biocontrol agents are species of the genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma. Results Here we report an analysis of the genome sequences of the two biocontrol species Trichoderma atroviride (teleomorph Hypocrea atroviridis) and Trichoderma virens (formerly Gliocladium virens, teleomorph Hypocrea virens), and a comparison with Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina). These three Trichoderma species display a remarkable conservation of gene order (78 to 96%), and a lack of active mobile elements probably due to repeat-induced point mutation. Several gene families are expanded in the two mycoparasitic species relative to T. reesei or other ascomycetes, and are overrepresented in non-syntenic genome regions. A phylogenetic analysis shows that T. reesei and T. virens are derived relative to T. atroviride. The mycoparasitism-specific genes thus arose in a common Trichoderma ancestor but were subsequently lost in T. reesei. Conclusions The data offer a better understanding of mycoparasitism, and thus enforce the development of improved biocontrol strains for efficient and environmentally friendly protection of plants.