Cover crops on nitrogen dynamics, soil carbon storage, and soil microbes
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[EMBARGOED UNTIL 08/01/2026] Global agriculture is facing more unprecedented challenges than ever before. The world's food production should be increased by 70 percent--100 percent from 2007 to 2050 to feed the entire 9.1 billion population by 2050 (FAO, 2009). Meeting rising global demands for food, fiber, and fuel often comes with increased inputs into agricultural systems that can lead to adverse environmental and human health effects (Davidson et al., 2012). To fulfill these demands, agricultural activities have significantly altered the nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles in ecosystems (Davidson et al., 2012; Harindintwali et al., 2021). More than half of the world population (40 to 60 percent) depends on crops grown with synthetic N fertilizer (Zhang et al., 2015). Synthetic fertilizer application is considered as vital management practice in agriculture, essential for optimizing crop productivity. The annual production of food and bio energy from agriculture, along with industrial energy consumption, has increased more than two folds reactive N on lands globally. However, most of the reactive N in terrestrial ecosystems is not taken up by plants or remains in soils, and finally ends up in water bodies (Davidson et al., 2012). Nitrogen is also highly susceptible to losses from agroecosystems, including processes such as ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrate (NO3--) leaching, and emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) (Mahmud et al., 2021a). Since large amounts of fertilizer used in agricultural lands often ends up in the environment, significant ecosystem pollution has occurred such as ground water pollution, eutrophication, and greenhouse gas emissions (Davidson et al., 2012; Harindintwali et al., 2021). -- page 1
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M.S.