Electrochemical and interfacial characteristics of a choline chloride-ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent at platinum electrode and palladium redox chemistry and electrodeposition in DES
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[EMBARGOED UNTIL 12/01/2026] This study investigates the electrochemical and interfacial characteristics of the choline chloride–ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent (ethaline) as a medium for palladium redox chemistry and electrodeposition. Through a combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Karl Fischer titration, the work reveals how hydration level, electrochemical activation, and interfacial restructuring govern the electrochemical behavior of ethaline. Hydration studies demonstrate that even small amounts of water substantially alter solvent conductivity, viscosity, accessible proton populations, and the width of the electrochemical stability window. CV and CA experiments show that Pd electrodeposition proceeds through a diffusion-controlled nucleation mechanism, with deposition charge and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) increasing proportionally with deposition time. When transferred into pristine ethaline, Pd-modified electrodes reproduce the characteristic voltametric signatures of the glassy-carbon–palladium–ethaline system, and early cycling reveals continuous growth of the Pd film, confirming successful metal deposition. In aqueous 0.5 M H₂SO₄, the Pd coatings exhibit the expected hydrogen adsorption/desorption, and Pd oxide formation features absent on bare glassy carbon, enabling quantitative assessment of the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and demonstrating a direct relationship between Pd loading and catalytic surface development. EIS measurements further show that hydration increases charge-transfer resistance and modifies interfacial capacitance, indicating structural reorganization of the DES at the electrode surface during redox cycling. Collectively, these results establish that ethaline is a structurally dynamic, electrochemically responsive medium whose interfacial properties can be intentionally tuned by controlling water content and electrochemical history. The insights gained provide a framework for rational design of DES-based systems for electrodeposition, sensing, catalysis, and gas-interaction technologies.
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M.S.