Pretreatment of cellulose by swelling, shearing, or freeze-thaw technique
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The economy and standard of living of the world are dependent on the availability of abundant, inexpensive energy. Today a large fraction of our energy is supplied by oil, gas, and coal. However, the reserves of these fossil fuels are expected to decline severely in the next 20 years; indeed some shortages of the most desirable fuels are already occurring. In 1973, the "energy crisis" resulted in a severe impact on the world's economy. We have not yet been able to fully recover from that recession. By the year 2000, nuclear power will undoubtedly be an important source of energy; but it is expected to supply only part of our energy needs, for instance, about 23% in the U.S. (1). Apparently we will rely on energy from fossil fuels for another several decades. Thus, it is essential to start full-scale development of alternative energy sources now so that the technology is ready for use before the depletion of fossil fuels causes even greater energy supply problems.
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