Design, implementation and evaluation of a generative and adaptive computer based learning system (CBLS)
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"Introduction: Computer-Assisted-Instruction (CAI) is the most recent teaching-learning technology. The student is taught by a computer through a terminal. The earliest computerassisted- instruction program was developed at the IBM Research Center in the late 1950’s. This program was part of a project concerned with basic psychological research in memory and learning. This project was essentially viewed as a method of simulating teaching machines on digital computers, so that their important features could be studied more closely. Therefore, tutorial computer use is directly descended from teaching machines of the type pioneered by B. F. Skinner. Since the early 1960’s CAI methods have been used by several universities and industries. Applications for CAI have been found in preschool through graduate school, and in adult vocational training. One of the main advantages of using CAI is to provide mass individualized instruction. There is a need for individualized instruction since learners learn at different rates and most subject matters are hierarchal in nature. Individualized differences in learners is a well known fact. Research shows that learners learn at different rates. The hierarchal nature of most subject matters is also a well known fact. Gagne (38) states that the most dependable condition to insure learning is the prior learning of prerequisite capabilities. Koen(56) maintains that we need 100% learning at each step. Carroll (24) alleges that if a normally-distributed-aptitude set of students is provided with instruction appropriate to the characteristics and needs of each student, then the majority of students may be expected to achieve mastery of the subject. His view is that, given enough time, all students can conceivably attain mastery of a given learning task. The problem remains to provide the right kind of instruction so that efficiency of learning is improved and that mastery can be attained. Bloom(18) believes that if every student had a very good tutor, most of them would be able to attain mastery of a given subject. Essentially this means that the student must be treated as an individual case, and not one of a random, normally distributed, set of learners. Individualized instruction is currently being offered as a solution. It has several distinguishing characteristics : the learner proceeds at a selfdetermined pace; he works at times convenient to him; he begins instruction at a point appropriate to his past achievement; he is provided remedial instruction where necessary; instruction is tailored to fit his special requirements and capabilities; and he has a wide variety of media to choose from. The underlying problem to individualized instruction is financial : individualization can be done only to the extent that funds are available. Computer-based education has recently appeared on the scene as an economically viable implementation of individualized instruction. Another very important application of CAI is simulation. Many experiments which are expensive to conduct or dangerous can be best studied by simulation. Simulation programs give the students an artificial experience of a dynamic, real-world problem. The student is usually asked to take actions which affect the modeled situation. CAI has several other advantages besides providing individualized instruction. It keeps the students active. There is no way the students can sit back and day dream like in a classroom. It gives immediate feedback. It compliments the students when they solve problems correctly. It provides remedial material. CAI has the ability to provide the student with the computational power of the computer during a lesson. It allows the student to work through a lesson at his own pace. CAI has the ability to insure that the student "learns” the current material in a lesson prior to moving on to subsequent material. It has the ability to accomodate students with various levels of competence. It presents instructional material in a more consistent manner. CAI judges student responses in a more accurate manner. CAI has the ability to provide the student with a variety of audio and visual material. It has the ability to collect data throughout a lesson regarding the nature and the timing of student responses. It can test the students and assign grades to them. Every CAI system is composed of three main components: Hardware, Software, and Instructional Logic and Course Material. Hardware is made of the computer and the terminals. The software is the program that makes it possible to write the course material. The instructional logic is the instructional strategies of the course material. Course material is the actual lessons. A short review of each area will be given below."--Page 1.
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