, degree of saturation, and sample conditioning method. Based on an analysis of significant factors reported in the literature, in this study, a series of procedural and functional changes were proposed to better describe F-T durability as a function...

The Niger River Basin (NRB) has experienced severe droughts and floods under a significant change of the land use and land cover (LULC) with increasing population over the years. The present study is to understand the ...

such as chloride that penetrate the concrete. When saturated concrete experiences FT cycles, it results in internal frost damage as well as surface salt scaling. The salt solution that contains chloride ions, at normal temperature, reaches calcium hydroxide...