This chapter reviews and discusses rational-choice approaches to organizational governance. These approaches are found primarily in organizational economics (virtually no rational-choice organizational sociology exists), ...

I address an issue that arises for rights theories that recognize rights to compensation for rights-intrusions. Do individuals who never pose any risk of harm to others have a right, against a rights-intruder, to full ...

This article comprises the author's answers to five questions on Normative Ethics posed by the editors of the collection.

Where there is a fixed population (i.e., who exists does not depend on what choice an agent makes), the deontic version of anonymous Paretian egalitarianism holds that an option is just if and only if (1) it is anonymously ...

The three main general approaches to moral theory are consequentialism, deontology, and virtue theory. I shall describe and assess consequentialism. First, however, I shall make a few background remarks on morality.

Maximizing act consequentialism holds that actions are morally permissible if and only if they maximize the value of consequences—if and only if, that is, no alternative action in the given choice situation has more valuable ...

The difference principle, introduced by Rawls (1971, 1993), is generally interpreted as leximin, but this is not how he intended it. Rawls explicitly states that the difference principle requires that aggregate benefits ...

This is the first volume of Equality and Justice, a six-volume collection of the most important articles of the twentieth century on the topic of justice and equality. This volume addresses the following three (only loosely ...

This is the fourth volume of Equality and Justice, a six-volume collection of the most important articles of the twentieth century on the topic of justice and equality. This volume and the second part of Volume 5: Social ...

This is the fifth volume of Equality and Justice, a six-volume collection of the most important articles of the twentieth century on the topic of justice and equality. This volume addresses two issues: (1) contractarian ...

Peter Vallentyne answers five questions posed by the editor of the text on the nature of political philosophy.

Libertarianism holds that agents initially fully own themselves. Lockean libertarianism further holds that agents have the moral power to acquire private property in external things as long as a Lockean Proviso—requiring ...

We here discuss and assess various libertarian positions on intergenerational justice. We do not attempt to defend libertarianism. Instead, we work out the most plausible version thereof and identify its implications for ...

I present a critical survey of Sen's work, and related work by others, on certain distribution-sensitive principles of justice. More specifically, I discuss three kinds of such principles: (1) sufficientarian principles, ...

While compensation accounts for roughly 90 percent of K-12 instructional costs, there is little evidence of rational design in these systems. This chapter reviews the nature of teacher compensation systems in developed ...

Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), along with John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971), radically changed the landscape in analytic political philosophy. For much of the preceding half-century, under the ...

Since the end of World War II an increasing number of social movements have claimed that they are practicing nonviolent civil disobedience tactics. Too often these claims are uncritically accepted even when proposed by ...

Frederich August von Hayek is undoubtedly the most eminent of the modern Austrian economists. Student of Friedrich von Wieser, protégé and colleague of Ludwig von Mises, and foremost representative of an outstanding ...

The primary objective of this paper is to synthesize and summarize organizational issues and challenges facing U.S. agricultural cooperatives as they analyze their strategic options in preparing to meet the needs of their ...

This chapter surveys the new institutional economics, a rapidly growing literature combining economics, law, organization theory, political science, sociology and anthropology to understand social, political and commercial ...