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dc.contributor.authorRyan, Camille D.eng
dc.contributor.authorSmyth, Stuart J.eng
dc.date.issued2012eng
dc.description.abstractTriffid is the name given to a genetically modified (GM) variety of flaxseed that was developed in the late 1980s at the University of Saskatchewan's Crop Development Centre. The variety was designed to thrive in soil containing residues from sulfonylurea-type herbicides and offered greater weed control options to flax growers. In 1998, Triffid received Canadian and American feed and food regulatory approvals and entered a seed multiplication program. The following year, Europe threatened to stop importing Canadian flax should GM flax enter into commercial production. By April 2001, Triffid was deregistered and all remaining seed was supposedly destroyed. However, in late 2009, Triffid flax was unexpectedly detected in EU food products and in subsequent flax imports into Europe from Canada. In response to this, the EU immediately halted Canadian flax imports. This article documents Canadian costs of the Triffid flax issue as an example of low level presence (LLP) of an unapproved transformation event in a zero-tolerance European market. It explores/evaluates the impacts (economic and social costs) on the Canadian industry -- including the development of a stewardship program and testing protocols, the engagement and relationship strategies utilized in negotiations with the EU to resolve market access, and the overall industry response to the issue (from producers to exporters). The article presents survey responses from more than 270 Western Canadian flax farmers. This survey data provides new insights as to how farmers manage LLP on-farm. The production attributes that are examined range from field agronomics to ability to export. Specifically, it examines how farmers have dealt with flax, in terms of production and sale, since the Fall of 2009. Detailed analysis is provided for the following supply chain components: on-farm testing, carryover costs, and opportunity costs. Finally, the article provides some insights as to who farmers trust in terms of communicating information to them on how to best manage this situation.eng
dc.identifier.citationAgBioForum, 15(1), 21-30.eng
dc.identifier.issn1522-936Xeng
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10355/14909
dc.languageEnglisheng
dc.publisherAgBioForumeng
dc.relation.ispartofcollectionAgBioForum, vol. 15, no. 1 (2012)eng
dc.relation.ispartofcommunityUniversity of Missouri-Columbia. College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources. Division of Applied Social Sciences. Department of Agricultural Economics. Economics and Management of Agrobiotechnology Center. AgBioForum.eng
dc.rightsOpenAccess.eng
dc.rights.licenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
dc.subjectbarriers to tradeeng
dc.subjectcoexistenceeng
dc.subjectgenetic modificationeng
dc.subjectinternational tradeeng
dc.subjecttesting costseng
dc.subjectTriffid flaxeng
dc.subject.lcshCanada -- Commerce -- Europeeng
dc.subject.lcshNon-tariff trade barriers -- Europeeng
dc.subject.lcshTransgenic plantseng
dc.subject.lcshFlaxseed -- Genetic engineeringeng
dc.titleEconomic Implications of Low-level Presence in a Zero-Tolerance European Import Market : The Case of Canadian Triffid Flaxeng
dc.typeArticleeng


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